Translation and analysis of words by ChatGPT artificial intelligence
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2nd-order [second-order] - translation to English
![[[Graffiti]] in [[Neukölln]] (Berlin) showing the simplest second-order sentence admitting nontrivial models, "∃φ φ".](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Kindl-Treppe Aug2021d.jpg?width=200 "[[Graffiti]] in [[Neukölln]] (Berlin) showing the simplest second-order sentence admitting nontrivial models, \"∃φ φ\".")
Ex: A meta-programming approach is applied in which the raw bibliographic material is viewed as a logic programme upon which a 2nd-order logic programme is developed.
Ex: The author examines the role of state interventionism & the character of the new productivism of emerging world order.
![Orderings of the 3-[[subset]]s of <math>\{1, \ldots, 6\},</math> represented as sets of red squares, increasing sequences (in blue), or by their [[indicator function]]s, converted in [[decimal notation]] (in grey). The grey numbers are also the rank of the subsets in all subsets of <math>\{1, \ldots, 6\},</math> numbered in colexicographical order, and starting from 0. The lexicographical (lex) and colexicographical (colex) orders are on the top and the corresponding reverse orders (rev) on the bottom<br>One passes from an order to its reverse order, either by reading bottom-up instead of up-bottom, or by exchanging red and white colors.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Orderings; 6 choose 3.svg?width=200 "Orderings of the 3-[[subset]]s of <math>\{1, \ldots, 6\},</math> represented as sets of red squares, increasing sequences (in blue), or by their [[indicator function]]s, converted in [[decimal notation]] (in grey). The grey numbers are also the rank of the subsets in all subsets of <math>\{1, \ldots, 6\},</math> numbered in colexicographical order, and starting from 0. The lexicographical (lex) and colexicographical (colex) orders are on the top and the corresponding reverse orders (rev) on the bottom<br>One passes from an order to its reverse order, either by reading bottom-up instead of up-bottom, or by exchanging red and white colors.")
![inversion vectors]] (in red) of permutations in ''colex'' order are in ''revcolex'' order, and vice versa.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Orderings; permutations 5-cycle.svg?width=200 "inversion vectors]] (in red) of permutations in ''colex'' order are in ''revcolex'' order, and vice versa.")
Ex: This article lays down some rules for searching through a lexicographically ordered dictionary.
Definition
Wikipedia
In logic and mathematics, second-order logic is an extension of first-order logic, which itself is an extension of propositional logic. Second-order logic is in turn extended by higher-order logic and type theory.
First-order logic quantifies only variables that range over individuals (elements of the domain of discourse); second-order logic, in addition, also quantifies over relations. For example, the second-order sentence says that for every formula P, and every individual x, either Px is true or not(Px) is true (this is the law of excluded middle). Second-order logic also includes quantification over sets, functions, and other variables (see section below). Both first-order and second-order logic use the idea of a domain of discourse (often called simply the "domain" or the "universe"). The domain is a set over which individual elements may be quantified.
